Sokat agyaltunk rajta, hogy Kolumbiával kapcsolatban mire lehetnek kíváncsiak kedves olvasóink, végül természetesen a kokainhoz lyukadtunk, elvégre minden általunk megkérdezett a drogra asszociált az ország nevéről (bár csak a világ harmadik legnagyobb termelője). Tudásvágyóknak Matthew Bristow videójával kedveskedünk, mely a kokainkészítés technológiáját hivatott bemutatni. Ha esetleg valaki posztunk következtében kivándorol és kokainbáróvá avanzsál a dél-amerikai országban, kérjük, ne feledkezzen meg rólunk. Készpénzt minden mennyiségben elfogadunk.
És míg el nem felejtjük:
2007. február 25., vasárnap
Kolumbia, kokain
A KOKAIN TÉNYLEG KÁROS AZ EGÉSZSÉGRE.
....video by Matthew Bristow
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Cocaine Processing
The conversion of coca leaves to coca paste, cocaine base and cocaine hydrochloride occurs primarily in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Peru and Bolivia are the primary locations for the conversion of leaf to coca paste and cocaine base while Colombia is the primary location for the final conversion to cocaine hydrochloride (HCl). It's believed that both Peruvian and Bolivian traffickers have begun increasing their production of HCl in the last few years. There are a number of chemicals and solvents which play vital roles in the processing of coca leaves to paste, base and HCl. Many of these chemicals are quite common; all are theoretically substitutable and all have legitimate uses making them difficult to control. Coca processing can be broken down into three stages. The first is the conversion of the coca leaf into paste; this is almost always done very close to the coca field to cut down on the transport of the coca leaves. The second phase is the conversion of coca paste into cocaine base. This step is usually omitted in Colombia and the process is taken straight through from paste to cocaine HCl. The final stage is conversion of base to HCl.
Coca Leaves to Coca Paste
The conversion of coca leaf into coca paste is accomplished in a coca paste pit or "pozo". A typical coca paste pit is a very crude structure located near the harvesting site and consists of only a very few items. Some paste pits have even been reported in peasants' houses. The paste pit is usually a hole in the ground, lined with thick, heavy plastic, or may even be a 55 gallon drum with the top cut out. Paste pits are often located near streams so that the processors have a constant supply of fresh water, which is used in the first stage of processing. The process of converting leaves to paste usually takes a few days. Often, however, the leaves will be "worked" or "stomped" for only a few hours rendering less paste than if "worked" for several days. It's apparently sometimes more desirable to move the paste out than to get more paste per kilo of coca leaf. Depending on the size of the pit and the amount of leaf, the whole process will require the energy of two to five workers. The following recipe for coca paste is but one of many. Recipes will differ depending on where the laboratory is located. Some will opt not to use water in the first step and amounts and mixing times vary widely. However, this remains a good benchmark formula.
Step 1
The coca leaves are put into an above ground container or in a plastic lined pit. An alkaline material (sodium carbonate) and water are added to the leaves. Here the alkaline material enables the cocaine alkaloid present in the leaf to be extracted into the kerosene.
Step 2
A water immiscible solvent (kerosene) is added to water, solution and leaves. The mixture is then agitated. Usually this is accomplished by having several people stomp on the leaves. The solvent acts to extract water insoluble cocaine alkaloids from the alkaline solution.
Step 3
Cocaine alkaloids and kerosene separate from the water and leaves. The water and leaves are then drained off.
Step 4
Cocaine alkaloids are extracted from the kerosene into a dilute acid solution (H2SO4). Alkaline material (sodium carbonate) is added to the remaining solution which causes a precipitate to form. The acid and the water are drained off and the precipitate is filtered and dried to produce coca paste, a chunky off-white to light brown, putty-like substance. As a guide to relative quantities of coca leaf and the resultant amount of coca paste, 250 pounds of dried coca leaf should provide approx. 2.2 pounds of coca paste. This is assuming the leaf is "worked" for a couple of days. The paste will contain approx. 30 percent cocaine alkaloid and 10 percent ecgonine depending on the variety and quality of the coca leaf.
The processing of coca paste into cocaine base is more complicated than paste production, requiring more sophisticated equipment and added skills. Cocaine base can be processed at the paste facility but base laboratories may be located away from the cultivation zones. Usually the base laboratories are located near rivers or have a clandestine airstrip located in the vicinity to facilitate both the movement of coca paste into the base lab. and also the movement of the base out to cocaine HCl labs. As with the paste recipes, the base recipes have many versions. This one is one of the more common and a continuation of the paste recipe.
Step 1
The coca paste is added to sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid and water. The paste is dissolved into the acid solution.
Step 2
Potassium permanganate is combined with water. This mixture is added to the coca paste and acid solution. Potassium permanganate is used in this step to extract other alkaloids and material that are undesired in the final product. In particular, potassium permanganate is used to break down the alkaloid ciscinnamoylcocaine which is found in large concentrations in E. Novogranatense varieties. If the coca paste has a high concentration of this alkaloid and potassium permanganate is not used then crystallisation of cocaine HCl will be very difficult to achieve.
Step 3
This mixture is allowed to stand for about six hours.
Step 4
The solution is filtered and the precipitate is discarded. Ammonia water (ammonium hydroxide) is added to the filtered solution and another precipitate is formed.
Step 5
The liquid is drained from the solution and the remaining precipitate is usually dried with heating lamps. The resulting powder is cocaine base with a roughly one to one conversion ratio from paste to base. ie. 2.2 pounds of paste results in roughly the same weight in base. It is common in Colombia to skip the base stage of cocaine processing by going from coca paste right to cocaine HCl. This can be accomplished by eliminating the last part of step four in coca paste processing and skipping to step two of the cocaine base phase where the coca paste is added to the potassium permanganate solution.
The final stage of cocaine processing requires even more skill and equipment and is much more dangerous than the previously mentioned steps. Unlike paste and base processing, cocaine HCl processing calls for expensive chemicals that are harder to find and often not manufactured in the processing country. The HCl lab. usually consists of several buildings including dormitories, eating facilities, office, storage and the laboratory itself. Also usually found at HCl labs. are communications equipment, generators, filtering and drying equipment and more recently; chemical recycling facilities. The HCl lab. will often have direct access to an airstrip. The following recipe is a continuation of the above two. At this point the methods of processing vary only slightly.
Step 1
Acetone or ether is added to dissolve the cocaine base and the solution is filtered to remove undesirable material.
Step 2
Hydrochloric acid diluted in acetone or ether is added to the cocaine solution. The addition of the hydrochloric acid causes the cocaine to precipitate (crystallise) out of the solution as cocaine hydrochloride. The HCl is then filtered out for drying.
Step 3
The remaining acetone/ether solvent can be discarded or reused.
Step 4
Cocaine HCl is dried under heat lamps, laid out to dry with the aid of fans, or dried in microwave ovens. The yield from 1 kg of base will vary widely, depending on quality of coca base and efficiency of processing, but should be approx. 1 pound.
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